Class Contracts
Class Contracts cover two constructs that enable Design by Contract-like syntax to create classes that can test themselves.
- Pre-conditions and Post-conditions
- Invariants
If a contract is not upheld, an assertion is generated in the same fashion as calling the assert()
system function would.
While originally devised for the Oxygene language, class contracts are available for all Elements languages (except Go, which does not support classes), as language extensions.
Pre-Conditions and Post-Conditions
Pre- and post-conditions are used to describe conditions that are required to be true when a method is called or after a method exits, respectively. They can be used to check for the validity of input parameters, results, or for the state of the object required by the method.
The require
and ensure
(Oxygene) or __require
and __ensure
(C#, Swift and Java) keywords will expand the method body to list the preconditions; both sections can contain a list of Boolean statements, separated by semicolons.
In Oxygene, the require
and ensure
sections live before and after the main begin
/end
pair of the method body; in C#, Swift, and Java, __require
and __ensure
can provided as sub-sections within the body.
Examples:
method MyObject.DivideBy(aValue: Integer);
require
aValue ≠ 0 : "Cannot divide by zero";
begin
MyValue := MyValue/aValue;
end;
method MyObject.Add(aItem: ListItem);
require
assigned(aItem);
begin
InternalList.Add(aItem);
ensure
Count = (old Count) + 1;
end;
method MyObject.DoWork(aValue: Integer);
require
Assigned(fMyWorker);
fMyValue > 0;
aValue > 0;
begin
//... do the work here
ensure
Assigned(fMyResult);
fMyResult.Value >= 5;
end;
void DivideBy(int value)
{
__require
{
value != 0 : "Cannot divide by zero";
}
MyValue = MyValue/value;
}
void Add(ListItem item)
{
__require
{
item != null;
}
InternalList.Add(item);
__ensure
{
Count == (__old Count) + 1;
}
}
void DoWork(int value)
{
__require
{
fMyWorker != null;
fMyValue > 0;
value > 0;
}
//... do the work here
__ensure
{
fMyResult != null;
fMyResult.Value >= 5;
}
}
func Divide(by value: Integer) {
__require {
value != 0 : "Cannot divide by zero";
}
MyValue = MyValue/value;
}
func Add(item: ListItem) {
InternalList.Add(item);
__ensure {
Count == (__old Count) + 1;
}
}
func DoWork(_ value: Int) {
__require {
fMyWorker != null;
fMyValue > 0;
value > 0;
}
//... do the work here
__ensure {
fMyResult != nil;
fMyResult.Value >= 5;
}
}
void DivideBy(int value) {
__require {
value != 0 : "Cannot divide by zero";
}
MyValue = MyValue/value;
}
void Add(ListItem item) {
__require {
item != null;
}
InternalList.Add(item);
__ensure {
Count == (__old Count) + 1;
}
}
void DoWork(int value) {
__require {
fMyWorker != null;
fMyValue > 0;
value > 0;
}
//... do the work here
__ensure {
fMyResult != null;
fMyResult.Value >= 5;
}
}
The old
(Oxygene) or __old
(C#, Swift and Java) prefix operator can be used in the ensure
section for local variables,
parameters and properties to refer to the original values before the execution.
The compiler will add code to save these to local variables before executing the method body. old
/__old
is supported for strings and value types. When used with Reference Types such as Classes, it will capture the old pointer, not the old state of the object being pointed to.
Invariants
In contrast to pre- and post-conditions, invariants are used to define a fixed state the object must fulfill at any given time. Invariants can be marked public
or private
.
Public invariants will be checked at the end of every public method (after the method's "ensure" block, if present, has been checked) and if an invariant fails, an assertion is raised.
Private invariants will be checked at the end of every method call, public or private.
The idea behind this separation is that public invariants must not be met by private methods, so theoretically a public method can defer work to several private worker methods, and public invariants would only be checked after the public method finishes.
Examples:
type
MyClass = class;
public
... some methods or properties
public invariants
fField1 > 35;
SomeProperty = 0;
SomeBoolMethod() and not (fField2 = 5);
private invariants
fField > 0;
end;
public class MyClass
{
public __invariants
{
field1 > 35;
SomeProperty = 0;
SomeBoolMethod() && !(fField2 == 5);
}
private __invariants
{
field > 0;
}
}
public class MyClass {
public __invariants {
field1 > 35
SomeProperty = 0
SomeBoolMethod() && !(fField2 == 5)
}
private __invariants {
field > 0
}
}
public class MyClass {
public __invariants {
field1 > 35;
SomeProperty = 0;
SomeBoolMethod() && !(fField2 == 5);
}
private __invariants {
field > 0;
}
}
Note that both types of invariant sections have full access to all private fields of the class, the only difference is the method (and property) calls they apply to.
If a class specifies invariants, all fields must be marked as private
.
Custom Messages
By default, a generic Assertion call is generated, using the textual representation of the condition as message. For example, suppose that Method1 failed the following requirement:
require A > 10;
__require
{
A > 10;
}
__require {
A > 10
}
__require {
A > 10;
}
This would generate the following message: "Method1 assertion failed A > 10".
Both Invariants and Pre-/Post-Conditions can provide an optional more detailed error message to be included in the assertion when a check fails. This must be in the form of a constant String Literal, separated from the expression with a colon. If the expression itself contains a colon, the whole expression needs to be wrapped in parenthesis:
method MyObject.Add(aItem: ListItem);
require
assigned(aItem) : 'List Item for MyObject cannot be nil';
begin
InternalList.Add(aItem);
ensure
Count = old Count +1 : 'MyObject: Count logic error';
end;
void Add(ListItem item)
{
__require
{
(item != null) : "List Item for MyObject cannot be null";
}
InternalList.Add(aItem);
__ensure
{
Count == (__old Count) + 1 : "MyObject: Count logic error";
}
}
func Add(aItem: ListItem) {
InternalList.Add(aItem);
__ensure {
Count == (__old Count) + 1 : "MyObject: Count logic error"
}
}
void Add(ListItem item) {
__require {
(item != null) : "List Item for MyObject cannot be null";
}
InternalList.Add(aItem);
__ensure {
Count == (__old Count) + 1 : "MyObject: Count logic error";
}
}
Notes
Note that not all members of a class can be used inside invariants, because some elements of a class (or the entire class system of your application) can be accessed and written to directly, without the knowledge of the class.
If, for example, your invariant were to depend on a public field, other parts of your system would be able to modify this field directly, bypassing the invariant checking. Of course non-private fields are discouraged in general and you should always use private fields and – where applicable – a property with a higher visibility to make the field's value accessible.
Members that can be used in invariants are:
- private fields
- properties
- methods
See Also
- Assertion
- Invariants and Pre- and Post-Conditions, and the
old
andimplies
Operators in Oxygene - Class Contracts in RemObjects C#
- Class Contracts in Silver
- Class Contracts in Iodine